A root
Author: b | 2025-04-24
LG Root HTC Root ZTE Root VIVO Root OPPO Root Huawei Root Lenovo Root Alcatel Root Samsung Root Micromax Root ANDROID VERSIONS Root Jelly Bean (4.0) Root Kitkat
To Root Or Not to Root?
In /usr/src/kernels directory using following command.# ls -l /usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r) Note on a VPS (for instance a Linode VPS), a kernel may have a customized version name, in such scenario, you have to identify the kernel version manually and check the installed kernel header files using following commands.# uname -r # ls -l /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64Check Kernel Version in CentOS 7Sample Outputtotal 4544drwxr-xr-x. 32 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 archdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 blockdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 cryptodrwxr-xr-x. 119 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 driversdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 firmwaredrwxr-xr-x. 75 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 fsdrwxr-xr-x. 28 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 includedrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 initdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 ipc-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 505 May 9 19:21 Kconfigdrwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 kerneldrwxr-xr-x. 10 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 lib-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 51205 May 9 19:21 Makefile-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2305 May 9 19:21 Makefile.qlockdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 mm-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1093137 May 9 19:21 Module.symversdrwxr-xr-x. 60 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 netdrwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 samplesdrwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 scriptsdrwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 securitydrwxr-xr-x. 24 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 sound-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3409102 May 9 19:21 System.mapdrwxr-xr-x. 17 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 toolsdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May
Root System - Roots, Types of Roots and Functions of Roots
I'm running Windows Server 2016 Datacenter version 1607 (build 14393.6614) with Docker Desktop Community Version 2.0.0.3 (31259).I'm running an Ubuntu docker container in an interactive mode with my C drive mounted to /mnt/c in the container. This is the command that I run as the user named afish in an elevated PowerShell:docker run -a stdin -a stdout -t -i --security-opt seccomp:unconfined -v C:\:/mnt/c ubuntu:23.10 /bin/bashI then go to /mnt/c and do ls -al and those are the directories that I get:root@047daede994f:/# cd /mnt/croot@047daede994f:/mnt/c# ls -altotal 393drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 8192 Feb 5 15:25 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 13:08 ..drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 20 18:19 Afish2drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 26 2023 Afish2_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 6 14:25 Afish3drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 18 2023 Afish3_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:25 Afish5drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 1 2023 Afish5_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:49 Afish6drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:19 Afish6_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 Afish_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:58 Afish_unencrypted-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Jul 16 2016 BOOTNXTdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 Jan 30 06:49 'Documents and Settings'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 12 2016 Logsdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 2 2023 MSOCachedrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Mar 15 2022 OneDriveTempdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 PerfLogsdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 4 07:41 'Program Files'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 5 15:25 'Program Files (x86)'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 4 16:37 ProgramDatadrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 27 2021 Python39drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 Recoverydrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 7 15:01 'System Volume Information'dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 30 06:49 Usersdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 2 09:43 Windows-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 384322 Jul 16 2016 bootmgrdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 8 23:33 found.000drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Nov 25 2022 inetpubdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 4 18:52 minikubedrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 15 06:14 tmpThe problem is there is no directory named Afish. I can see the directory in Windows. Also, I can cd into that directory in the docker container and do other stuff like ls or touch:root@047daede994f:/mnt/c# cd Afishroot@047daede994f:/mnt/c/Afish#This is what dir /a on Windows gives:c:\>dir C: /a Volume in drive C has no label. Volume Serial Number is E414-F089 Directory ofroot, rooting, rooted, roots- WordWeb dictionary definition
06:27 sshdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ssl-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049 Apr 5 06:27 subgid-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1028 Apr 5 06:27 subgid--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049 Apr 5 06:27 subuid-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1028 Apr 5 06:27 subuid--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4343 Jun 27 2023 sudo.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9804 Jun 27 2023 sudo_logsrvd.conf-r--r----- 1 root root 1756 Apr 5 06:28 sudoersdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 sudoers.ddrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 sv-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2355 Dec 19 2022 sysctl.confdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 sysctl.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 systemddrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 terminfo-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Mar 11 00:00 timezonedrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 26 21:48 tmpfiles.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1260 Jan 27 2023 ucf.confdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ufwdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 update-motd.ddrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 vim-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4942 May 14 2022 wgetrc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 681 Jan 17 2023 xattr.confdrw-rw---x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:28 xdgleona@venus:/etc$ cd bindleona@venus:/etc/bind$ ls -latotal 60drwxr-sr-x 2 root bind 4096 Apr 5 06:28 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 24 18:22 ..-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2403 Feb 12 16:28 bind.keys-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 255 Feb 12 16:28 db.0-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 271 Feb 12 16:28 db.127-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 237 Feb 12 16:28 db.255-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 353 Feb 12 16:28 db.empty-rw-r--r-- 1 root root. LG Root HTC Root ZTE Root VIVO Root OPPO Root Huawei Root Lenovo Root Alcatel Root Samsung Root Micromax Root ANDROID VERSIONS Root Jelly Bean (4.0) Root KitkatkingoRoot Root APK ROOT Root
Bind 219 Apr 5 06:28 named.conf.options-rw-r----- 1 bind bind 100 Apr 5 06:27 rndc.key-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1317 Feb 12 16:28 zones.rfc1918leona@venus:/etc/bind$ cat db.venus.hmv;; BIND data file for local loopback interface; 604800@ IN SOA ns1.venus.hmv. root.venus.hmv. ( 2 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL;@ IN NS localhost.;@ IN A 127.0.0.1;@ IN AAAA ::1@ IN NS ns1.venus.hmv.;IP address of Name Serverns1 IN A 127.0.0.1ava IN TXT oCXBeeEeYFX34NU">leona@venus:~$ cd /etcleona@venus:/etc$ ls -latotal 664drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 24 18:22 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 24 18:22 ..-rw------- 1 root root 0 Mar 11 00:00 .pwd.lockdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 X11-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3040 May 25 2023 adduser.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 185 Apr 5 06:27 aliasesdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 alternativesdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 apache2drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 apparmor.ddrwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 apt-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1994 Apr 23 2023 bash.bashrcdrwxr-sr-x 2 root bind 4096 Apr 5 06:28 bind-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 367 Sep 22 2022 bindresvport.blacklistdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 26 21:48 binfmt.ddrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ca-certificates-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5989 Apr 5 06:27 ca-certificates.confdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 cron.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 cron.dailydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.hourlydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.monthlydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.weeklydrwxr-xr-xKingoRoot ROOT APK ROOT ROOT
Root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 appstreamdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 baseosdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 16 15:17 clickhousedrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 34 Jun 16 15:17 elrepodrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 Apr 19 20:20 elrepo-testingdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 epeldrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 38 Jun 16 15:17 epel-modulardrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Apr 27 18:43 epel-testingdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 38 Jun 16 15:17 extrasdrwxrwxr-x. 2 root root 212 Jun 16 15:16 gpg-keysdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 12288 Jun 16 15:17 pgdg13drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 20480 Jun 16 15:17 pgdg-commondrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Apr 19 20:20 plusdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 powertoolsdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 10 18:32 repodatadrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 47 Apr 27 15:17 zookeeper # ls -la /repos/clickhouse/ total 16drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 87 Dec 14 19:26 .drwxrwxr-x. 4 root root 43 Dec 14 18:31 ..drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Dec 14 19:19 clickhousedrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 270 Dec 14 19:27 clickhouse-ltsdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 8192 Sep 13 13:31 clickhouse-stabledrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 28 Jun 22 15:56 gpg-keys Modify Permissions and Restart Apache on the repository mirror.# chmod -R 755 /repos# systemctl restart httpd Check repository mirror.Locally, run the following command:# curl -k a browser, and go to: Mirror IP>/repos/rockylinux8/PC ROOT KingoRoot ROOT ROOT
Root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 iproute2-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27 Jan 28 21:20 issue-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Jan 28 21:20 issue.netdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 kernel-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11566 Apr 5 06:27 ld.so.cache-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34 Sep 22 2022 ld.so.confdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 ld.so.conf.ddrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ldap-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 191 Feb 9 2023 libaudit.conflrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Mar 11 00:00 localtime -> /usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/UTCdrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 logcheck-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12569 Nov 11 2022 login.defsdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 logrotate.d-r--r--r-- 1 root root 33 Apr 5 06:27 machine-id-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 111 Jan 28 2023 magic-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 111 Jan 28 2023 magic.mime-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 125 Apr 14 2022 mail.rc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 Apr 5 06:27 mailname-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 73816 Feb 11 2023 mime.types-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 782 Mar 5 2023 mke2fs.confdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 modules-load.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3461 Apr 5 06:27 motdlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 May 24 18:22 mtab -> /proc/mountsdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 mysql-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11399 Jan 18 2023 nanorc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 767 Aug 11 2022 netconfigdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 network-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 60 Apr 5 06:27 networksdrwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 nginx-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 526 Apr 5 06:27 nsswitch.confdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 optlrwxrwxrwxRoot Root Browser -Root Ro
Take no more than a few minutes. On my system, the base install only takes up 144MB. Now lets see what we have:# ls -lah /var/lib/vservers/vserver1total 80Kdrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 .drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 ..drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 bootdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 devdrwxr-xr-x 37 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 etcdrwxrwsr-x 2 root staff 4.0K Dec 15 2004 homedrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 initrddrwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 libdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 mediadrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 mntdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 optdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 procdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 rootdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 sbindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 srvdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 10 2005 sysdrwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 tmpdrwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 usrdrwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 var# ls -lah /etc/vservers/vserver1total 28Kdrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 .drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 ..drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 apps-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 112 Nov 10 08:13 fstabdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 interfaces-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Nov 10 08:13 namelrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Nov 10 08:13 run -> /var/run/vservers/vserver1drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 utslrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Nov 10 08:13 vdir -> /etc/vservers/.defaults/vdirbase/vserver1Now that we have our vserver installed, lets start it up. The syntax for the 'vserver' command is:# vserver [ start | stop | restart | enter ]And for our vserver1:# vserver vserver1 startStarting system log daemon: syslogd.Starting kernel log daemon: klogd.Starting MTA: exim4.Starting internet superserver: inetd.Starting deferred execution scheduler: atd.Starting periodic command scheduler: cron....# vserver-stat CTX PROC VSZ RSS userTIME sysTIME UPTIME NAME0 35 73.4M 5.4K 0m05s21 0m02s33 1m13s00 root server49152 5 11M 967 0m00s00 0m00s00 0m30s52 vserver1# vserver vserver1 entervserver1:/#And you're now. LG Root HTC Root ZTE Root VIVO Root OPPO Root Huawei Root Lenovo Root Alcatel Root Samsung Root Micromax Root ANDROID VERSIONS Root Jelly Bean (4.0) Root Kitkat
A root is a root is a root? Water uptake rates of Citrus root
2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.yearly-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1042 Mar 2 2023 crontabdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 dbus-1-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2969 Jan 8 2023 debconf.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jan 28 21:20 debian_versiondrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 default-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1706 May 25 2023 deluser.confdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 dhcp-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22 Apr 5 06:28 doas.confdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 dpkg-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 685 Mar 5 2023 e2scrub.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Jan 1 16:58 email-addresses-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 11 00:00 environment-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1853 Oct 17 2022 ethertypesdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 exim4-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 11 00:00 fstab-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2584 Jul 29 2022 gai.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3886 Jan 14 2023 gprofng.rc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1377 Apr 5 06:28 group-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1371 Apr 5 06:28 group--rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1063 Apr 5 06:28 gshadow-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1057 Apr 5 06:28 gshadow-drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 gss-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9 Aug 7 2006 host.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 May 24 18:22 hostname-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168 May 24 18:22 hosts-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 411 Apr 5 06:27 hosts.allow-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 711 Apr 5 06:27 hosts.denydrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 init.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1875 Jan 3 2023 inputrcdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 insserv.conf.ddrwxr-xr-x 4 rootRoots in the Ground - Rooted
5 06:27 passwd-drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 perldrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 phpdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ppp-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 769 Apr 10 2021 profiledrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 profile.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3144 Oct 17 2022 protocolsdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc0.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc1.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc2.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc3.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc4.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc5.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc6.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rcS.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 334 May 24 18:22 resolv.conflrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jan 20 09:27 rmt -> /usr/sbin/rmt-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 911 Oct 17 2022 rpcdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 runitdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 securitydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 selinux-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12813 Mar 27 2021 services-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 5969 Apr 5 06:27 shadow-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 5869 Apr 5 06:27 shadow--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 128 Mar 11 00:00 shellsdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 skeldrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 sshdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ssl-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049 Apr 5 06:27 subgid-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1028 Apr 5 06:27 subgid--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049 Apr 5 06:27 subuid-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1028 Apr. LG Root HTC Root ZTE Root VIVO Root OPPO Root Huawei Root Lenovo Root Alcatel Root Samsung Root Micromax Root ANDROID VERSIONS Root Jelly Bean (4.0) Root KitkatRoot - Is It Safe To Root?
1 root root 21 Jan 28 21:20 os-release -> ../usr/lib/os-release-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 552 Sep 21 2023 pam.confdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 pam.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3498 Apr 5 06:27 passwd-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3454 Apr 5 06:27 passwd-drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 perldrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 phpdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ppp-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 769 Apr 10 2021 profiledrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 profile.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3144 Oct 17 2022 protocolsdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc0.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc1.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc2.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc3.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc4.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc5.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rc6.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 rcS.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 334 May 24 18:22 resolv.conflrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jan 20 09:27 rmt -> /usr/sbin/rmt-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 911 Oct 17 2022 rpcdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 runitdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 securitydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 selinux-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12813 Mar 27 2021 services-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 5969 Apr 5 06:27 shadow-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 5869 Apr 5 06:27 shadow--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 128 Mar 11 00:00 shellsdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 skeldrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5Comments
In /usr/src/kernels directory using following command.# ls -l /usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r) Note on a VPS (for instance a Linode VPS), a kernel may have a customized version name, in such scenario, you have to identify the kernel version manually and check the installed kernel header files using following commands.# uname -r # ls -l /usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64Check Kernel Version in CentOS 7Sample Outputtotal 4544drwxr-xr-x. 32 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 archdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 blockdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 cryptodrwxr-xr-x. 119 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 driversdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 firmwaredrwxr-xr-x. 75 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 fsdrwxr-xr-x. 28 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 includedrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 initdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 ipc-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 505 May 9 19:21 Kconfigdrwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 kerneldrwxr-xr-x. 10 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 lib-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 51205 May 9 19:21 Makefile-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2305 May 9 19:21 Makefile.qlockdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 mm-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1093137 May 9 19:21 Module.symversdrwxr-xr-x. 60 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 netdrwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 samplesdrwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 scriptsdrwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 securitydrwxr-xr-x. 24 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 sound-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3409102 May 9 19:21 System.mapdrwxr-xr-x. 17 root root 4096 May 16 12:48 toolsdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May
2025-04-16I'm running Windows Server 2016 Datacenter version 1607 (build 14393.6614) with Docker Desktop Community Version 2.0.0.3 (31259).I'm running an Ubuntu docker container in an interactive mode with my C drive mounted to /mnt/c in the container. This is the command that I run as the user named afish in an elevated PowerShell:docker run -a stdin -a stdout -t -i --security-opt seccomp:unconfined -v C:\:/mnt/c ubuntu:23.10 /bin/bashI then go to /mnt/c and do ls -al and those are the directories that I get:root@047daede994f:/# cd /mnt/croot@047daede994f:/mnt/c# ls -altotal 393drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 8192 Feb 5 15:25 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 13:08 ..drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 20 18:19 Afish2drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 26 2023 Afish2_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 6 14:25 Afish3drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 18 2023 Afish3_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:25 Afish5drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 1 2023 Afish5_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:49 Afish6drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:19 Afish6_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 Afish_SSDdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 9 09:58 Afish_unencrypted-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Jul 16 2016 BOOTNXTdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 Jan 30 06:49 'Documents and Settings'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 12 2016 Logsdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 2 2023 MSOCachedrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Mar 15 2022 OneDriveTempdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 PerfLogsdr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 4 07:41 'Program Files'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 5 15:25 'Program Files (x86)'drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 4 16:37 ProgramDatadrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 27 2021 Python39drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Sep 1 2021 Recoverydrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 7 15:01 'System Volume Information'dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 30 06:49 Usersdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Feb 2 09:43 Windows-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 384322 Jul 16 2016 bootmgrdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 8 23:33 found.000drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Nov 25 2022 inetpubdrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Jan 4 18:52 minikubedrwxrwxrwx 2 root root 0 Dec 15 06:14 tmpThe problem is there is no directory named Afish. I can see the directory in Windows. Also, I can cd into that directory in the docker container and do other stuff like ls or touch:root@047daede994f:/mnt/c# cd Afishroot@047daede994f:/mnt/c/Afish#This is what dir /a on Windows gives:c:\>dir C: /a Volume in drive C has no label. Volume Serial Number is E414-F089 Directory of
2025-04-14Bind 219 Apr 5 06:28 named.conf.options-rw-r----- 1 bind bind 100 Apr 5 06:27 rndc.key-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1317 Feb 12 16:28 zones.rfc1918leona@venus:/etc/bind$ cat db.venus.hmv;; BIND data file for local loopback interface; 604800@ IN SOA ns1.venus.hmv. root.venus.hmv. ( 2 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL;@ IN NS localhost.;@ IN A 127.0.0.1;@ IN AAAA ::1@ IN NS ns1.venus.hmv.;IP address of Name Serverns1 IN A 127.0.0.1ava IN TXT oCXBeeEeYFX34NU">leona@venus:~$ cd /etcleona@venus:/etc$ ls -latotal 664drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 24 18:22 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 24 18:22 ..-rw------- 1 root root 0 Mar 11 00:00 .pwd.lockdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 X11-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3040 May 25 2023 adduser.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 185 Apr 5 06:27 aliasesdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 alternativesdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 apache2drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 apparmor.ddrwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 apt-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1994 Apr 23 2023 bash.bashrcdrwxr-sr-x 2 root bind 4096 Apr 5 06:28 bind-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 367 Sep 22 2022 bindresvport.blacklistdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 26 21:48 binfmt.ddrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 ca-certificates-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5989 Apr 5 06:27 ca-certificates.confdrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 cron.ddrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 cron.dailydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.hourlydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.monthlydrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.weeklydrwxr-xr-x
2025-03-25Root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 appstreamdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 baseosdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 16 15:17 clickhousedrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 34 Jun 16 15:17 elrepodrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 Apr 19 20:20 elrepo-testingdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 epeldrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 38 Jun 16 15:17 epel-modulardrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Apr 27 18:43 epel-testingdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 38 Jun 16 15:17 extrasdrwxrwxr-x. 2 root root 212 Jun 16 15:16 gpg-keysdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 12288 Jun 16 15:17 pgdg13drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 20480 Jun 16 15:17 pgdg-commondrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Apr 19 20:20 plusdrwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 55 Jun 16 15:17 powertoolsdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 10 18:32 repodatadrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 47 Apr 27 15:17 zookeeper # ls -la /repos/clickhouse/ total 16drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 87 Dec 14 19:26 .drwxrwxr-x. 4 root root 43 Dec 14 18:31 ..drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Dec 14 19:19 clickhousedrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 270 Dec 14 19:27 clickhouse-ltsdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 8192 Sep 13 13:31 clickhouse-stabledrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 28 Jun 22 15:56 gpg-keys Modify Permissions and Restart Apache on the repository mirror.# chmod -R 755 /repos# systemctl restart httpd Check repository mirror.Locally, run the following command:# curl -k a browser, and go to: Mirror IP>/repos/rockylinux8/
2025-03-28Take no more than a few minutes. On my system, the base install only takes up 144MB. Now lets see what we have:# ls -lah /var/lib/vservers/vserver1total 80Kdrwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 .drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 ..drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 bootdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 devdrwxr-xr-x 37 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 etcdrwxrwsr-x 2 root staff 4.0K Dec 15 2004 homedrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 initrddrwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 libdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 mediadrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 mntdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 optdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Dec 15 2004 procdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 rootdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 sbindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 srvdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 10 2005 sysdrwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:17 tmpdrwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 usrdrwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:16 var# ls -lah /etc/vservers/vserver1total 28Kdrwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 .drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 ..drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 apps-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 112 Nov 10 08:13 fstabdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 interfaces-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Nov 10 08:13 namelrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Nov 10 08:13 run -> /var/run/vservers/vserver1drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 10 08:13 utslrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Nov 10 08:13 vdir -> /etc/vservers/.defaults/vdirbase/vserver1Now that we have our vserver installed, lets start it up. The syntax for the 'vserver' command is:# vserver [ start | stop | restart | enter ]And for our vserver1:# vserver vserver1 startStarting system log daemon: syslogd.Starting kernel log daemon: klogd.Starting MTA: exim4.Starting internet superserver: inetd.Starting deferred execution scheduler: atd.Starting periodic command scheduler: cron....# vserver-stat CTX PROC VSZ RSS userTIME sysTIME UPTIME NAME0 35 73.4M 5.4K 0m05s21 0m02s33 1m13s00 root server49152 5 11M 967 0m00s00 0m00s00 0m30s52 vserver1# vserver vserver1 entervserver1:/#And you're now
2025-04-212 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:26 cron.yearly-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1042 Mar 2 2023 crontabdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 dbus-1-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2969 Jan 8 2023 debconf.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jan 28 21:20 debian_versiondrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 default-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1706 May 25 2023 deluser.confdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 dhcp-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22 Apr 5 06:28 doas.confdrwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 11 00:00 dpkg-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 685 Mar 5 2023 e2scrub.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Jan 1 16:58 email-addresses-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 11 00:00 environment-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1853 Oct 17 2022 ethertypesdrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 exim4-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Mar 11 00:00 fstab-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2584 Jul 29 2022 gai.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3886 Jan 14 2023 gprofng.rc-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1377 Apr 5 06:28 group-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1371 Apr 5 06:28 group--rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1063 Apr 5 06:28 gshadow-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1057 Apr 5 06:28 gshadow-drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 gss-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9 Aug 7 2006 host.conf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 May 24 18:22 hostname-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168 May 24 18:22 hosts-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 411 Apr 5 06:27 hosts.allow-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 711 Apr 5 06:27 hosts.denydrwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 init.d-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1875 Jan 3 2023 inputrcdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 06:27 insserv.conf.ddrwxr-xr-x 4 root
2025-04-16